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biography
| name: |
Innocent X
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originally Giovanni Battista Pamphili
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| sex:
| male
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| lived:
| (1574–1655)
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| biography:
| Pope (1644–55), born in Rome, Italy. From a noble family, he studied at the Roman College and became a church judge under Pope Clement VIII. He was made a cardinal (1626) by Pope Urban VIII, whom he succeeded in 1644. He condemned the Peace of Westphalia (1648), and supported the Spanish Habsburgs by refusing to recognize the independence of Portugal, then at war with Spain. In theological matters, in a bull of 1653 he condemned five propositions concerning the nature of grace as interpreted by Bishop Cornelius Jansen, thus provoking a century of controversy with the Jansenists. At his death, papal prestige had greatly declined. |
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