biography
| sex:
| male
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| lived:
| (1830–1913)
|
| biography:
| Radical pacifist and merchant, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. A pioneering pacifist of highest principles, he was a wool merchant who resisted the Civil War by refusing to sell his goods for army use, and when drafted (1863) he refused to serve or procure a substitute. Founder of the Universal Peace Society (1866, later the Universal Peace Union), he and its members worked for a reconciliation between North and South and other human-rights issues. He pioneered the concept of arbitration and served as a strike mediator (1880s). An uncompromising opponent of militarism, he fought for an international court, but by the eve of the Spanish-American war he was considered impractical by fellow pacifists and was even burned in effigy. |
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